Sunday, March 13, 2011

Lockheed YF-12

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YF-12
YF-12A undergoing flight testing.
Role Interceptor
Manufacturer Lockheed Corporation
Designed by Clarence "Kelly" Johnson
First flight 7 August 1963
Status Cancelled
Primary user United States Air Force
Number built 3
Unit cost US$15-18 million (projected)[1]
Developed from Lockheed A-12
The Lockheed YF-12 was an American prototype interceptor aircraft, which the United States Air Force evaluated as a development of the highly-secret Lockheed A-12 that also spawned the now well known SR-71 Blackbird.



Contents

  • 1 Design and development
  • 2 Operational history
    • 2.1 USAF testing
    • 2.2 NASA testing
  • 3 Variants
  • 4 Operators
  • 5 Specifications (YF-12A)
  • 6 Aircraft disposition

Design and development

In the late 1950s the United States Air Force (USAF) sought a replacement for the F-106 Delta Dart. As part of the Long Range Interceptor Experimental (LRI,X) program, North American Aviation's F-108 proposal, a Mach 3-capable interceptor was selected. However, the F-108 was canceled in September 1959.[2] During this time Lockheed's Skunk Works was developing the A-12 spy plane for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) under the Oxcart program. Skunk Works' Kelly Johnson proposed a version of the A-12 called AF-12 by the company and the USAF ordered three AF-12s in mid-1960.[3]
The AF-12s would take the seventh through ninth slots on the A-12 production line and have them completed in the YF-12A interceptor configuration.[4] The main changes involved modifying the aircraft's nose to accommodate the Hughes AN/ASG-18 fire-control radar originally developed for the XF-108, and the addition of a second cockpit for a crew member to operate the fire control radar. The nose modifications changed the aircraft's aerodynamics enough to require ventral fins to be mounted under the fuselage and engine nacelles to maintain stability. Finally, four bays previously used to house the A-12's reconnaissance equipment were converted to carry Hughes AIM-47 Falcon (GAR-9) missiles.[5] One bay was used for fire control equipment.[6]
The first YF-12A flew on 7 August 1963.[5] President Lyndon B. Johnson announced the existence of the plane[7][8] on 24 February 1964.[9][10] The YF-12A was announced in part to continue hiding the A-12, its still-secret ancestor; any sightings of CIA/Air Force A-12s based at Area 51 in Nevada could be attributed to the well-publicized Air Force YF-12As based at Edwards Air Force Base in California.[8]
On 14 May 1965 the Air Force placed a production order for 93 F-12Bs for its Aerospace Defense Command (ADC).[11] However, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara would not release the funding for three consecutive years due to Vietnam War costs.[11] Updated intelligence placed a lower priority on defense of the continental US, so the F-12B was deemed as being no longer needed. Then in January 1968, the F-12B program was officially ended.[12]

Operational history

Wiki letter w cropped.svg This section requires expansion with:
Fill in holes on USAF and NASA flight testing.

USAF testing

YF-12A
During flight tests the YF-12As set a speed record of 2,070.101 mph (3,331.505 km/h) and altitude record of 80,257.86 ft (24,462.6 m), both on 1 May 1965,[9] and demonstrated promising results with their unique weapon system. Six successful firings of the AIM-47 missiles were completed. The last one launched from the YF-12 at Mach 3.2 at an altitude of 74,000 ft (22,677 m) to a JQB-47E target drone 500 ft (152 m) off the ground.[13]
The program was abandoned following the cancellation of the production F-12B, but the YF-12s continued flying for many years with the USAF and with NASA as research aircraft.

NASA testing

YF-12A #60-06935 in the National Museum of the USAF
The initial phase of this program included test objectives aimed at answering some questions about implementation of the B-1. Air Force objectives included exploration of its use in a tactical environment, and how AWACS would control supersonic aircraft. The Air Force portion was budgeted at US$4 million. The NASA tests would answer questions such as how engine inlet performance affected airframe and propulsion interaction, boundary layer noise, heat transfer under high Mach conditions, and altitude hold at supersonic speeds. The NASA budget for the 2.5-year program was US$14 million.[14]
Of the three YF-12As, #60-6934 was damaged beyond repair by fire at Edwards during a landing mishap on 14 August 1966; its rear half was salvaged and combined with the front half of a Lockheed static test airframe to create the one and only SR-71C. That aircraft was nicknamed "The Bastard" by its pilots, as it did not fly quite straight. It is unique among SR-71s as it retained the ventral fins under its nacelles from its YF-12 lineage.
YF-12A #60-6936 was lost on 24 June 1971 due to an inflight fire caused by a failed fuel line; both pilots ejected safely just north of Edwards AFB. YF-12A #60-06935 is the only surviving YF-12A; it was recalled from storage in 1969 for a joint USAF/NASA investigation of supersonic cruise technology, and then flown to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio on 17 November 1979.[9]
A fourth YF-12 aircraft, the "YF-12C", was actually the second SR-71A (61-7951). This SR-71A was re-designated as a YF-12C and given a fictitious serial number 60-6937 from an A-12 to maintain SR-71 secrecy. The YF-12C was loaned to NASA for propulsion testing after the loss of YF-12A (60-6936) in 1971. The YF-12C was operated by NASA until September 1978, when it was returned to the Air Force.[15]

Variants

YF-12A 
Pre-production version. Three were built.[16]
F-12B 
Production version of the YF-12A; canceled before production could begin.[17]
YF-12C 
Fictitious designation for a SR-71 provided to NASA for flight testing. The YF-12 designation to keep SR-71 information out of the public domain.[18]

Operators

 United States

Specifications (YF-12A)

Orthographically projected diagram of the Lockheed YF-12.
Data from Lockheed's SR-71 'Blackbird' Family[19]
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
Avionics
  • Hughes AN/ASG-18 look-down/shoot-down fire control radar

Aircraft disposition

List of YF-12s
Serial number Model Location or fate
60-6934 YF-12A Transformed into SR-71C 61-7981 after fire damage in 1966,
on display at Hill Aerospace Museum, Hill AFB, UT
60-6935 YF-12A National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
60-6936 YF-12A Lost, 24 June 1971
The sole remaining YF-12A is located at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near Dayton, Ohio.[9] This aircraft has small patches in its skin, on the starboard side below the cockpit. The patches cover holes caused by the "spurs" of a crewman who had to evacuate the plane after an emergency landing. The "YF-12C" (actually SR-71A, serial 61-7951) is on display at the Pima Air Museum in Tucson, AZ as of 2005.[15]

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